Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K- MPAI): Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Ukrainian version

Introduction: Music performance anxiety (MPA) is one of the most common psychological problems among musicians, regardless of their age, gender or level of stage experience. Since empirical studies of this subject are just emerging in Ukraine, there is a lack of psychometrically valid instruments for measuring it. Many specific instruments are available to evaluate MPA in English, but they have to be adapted for the Ukrainian population. One of such significant psychodiagnostic tools is the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) used for different cultural contexts. Purpose: The aim of this research is to study the factor structure of the Ukrainian version of KMPAI. Methodology: In order to assess the K-MPAI’s linguistic and conceptual equivalence, the questionnaire was translated using blind back-translation method. Thereafter, the sample of 252 professional musicians (aged 19–66, M = 38, SD = 11.24; 59% women and 41% men) completed the K-MPAI. Results: An exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation method was performed based on the K-MPAI items. The optimal implementation of parallel analysis revealed three factors that explain 44.99 % of variance; they are named “proximal performance concerns”, “early relationship context”, and “psychological vulnerability”. The internal consistency of the Ukrainian version of K-МPAI presents excellent value with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.871 and high temporal stability (r = .84; p<0.001). Discussion & Conclusions: These findings demonstrate evidence of construct validity and reliability of the Ukrainian version of K-MPAI and partially support the theoretical model that became the basis for the development of the original measure. This questionnaire can be used as a valid tool to assess MPA in Ukrainian scientific research.


Introduction
Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a particular state of stressful and persistent apprehension related to music performance in front of an audience (Kenny, 2011;Salmon, 1990;Spahn et al., 2016). The core of this anxiety is fear of professional failure, negative evaluation by audience, and possible consequences, though its optimal level is beneficial for the quality of performance. An excessive degree and repeated experiences of performance anxiety can cause increased tension, loss of adequate self-esteem and deterioration of self-efficacy.
MPA is manifested through affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioural symptoms along a broad continuum of varying severityfrom adaptive responses to pathological forms (Kenny, 2011;Spahn et al., 2016). Considering all diagnostic criteria, MPA is classified as a "performance only" subtype of social anxiety disorder in DSM-V (APA, 2013).
Despite the highly developed music education in Ukraine, the empirical studies of music performance anxiety have not been conducted due to several reasons. First, professional musicians tend to stigmatize and silence this problem, avoiding psychological help. The second significant obstacle to obtaining reliable data is the lack of valid special psychodiagnostic tools for its assessment. In this context, the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) deserves special attention. Based on Barlow's emotion theory of the etiology of anxiety and its disorders (Barlow, 2002), this questionnaire integrates cognitive, emotional, and physiological aspects of MPA taking into account its etiological complexity. The K-MPAI demonstrates excellent psychometric properties (Barbar et al., 2015;Kenny, 2004;Zarza-Alzugaray et al., 2016).

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to study the internal factor structure of K-MPAI based on a sample of the Ukrainian population.

Methodology Participants
The sample consists of 252 adult musicians from various regions of Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv, Ternopil, Kharkiv), who work in state institutions of music education (music academies) and philharmonic societies (aged 19-66, M = 38, SD = 11.24; 59% women and 41% men). Ethical approval was obtained from the Laboratory of the Social Psychology of Personality at the Institute of Political and Social Psychology in Kyiv. Thereafter, data have been collected during a concert season that represents a typical schedule of rehearsals and performances. The musicians were guaranteed voluntary participation and anonymity. The criteria for inclusion in the study were age over 18 years old and frequent participation in public musical performances, while the exclusion criterion was the incorrect filling out of the form. Characteristics related to the participants' musical genre and instrument category representation are presented in Table 1.

Adaptation procedure
Initially, the permission to adapt the К-МРАІ for the Ukrainian population was obtained from the author Dianna Theodore Kenny, Professor at the University of Sydney, Australia. Then the questionnaire was translated according to the procedures provided by the requirements for cross-cultural adaptation of the methods outlined in international standards (Bartram, D., & Hambleton, R. K., 2016). The following steps were performed: • Ukrainian version of the original K-MPAI was prepared.
• Reverse translation into the original language was made by another bilingual translator.

MHGC Proceeding 2020
Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal Third specialized translation back into Ukrainian was made.
• The best version was chosen (taking into consideration the following criteria: clarity (intelligibility), conceptual, content, semantic and cultural equivalence). Following the translation procedure, a group of music students (N = 30) completed the questionnaire and stated that all statements were clear.
• Translations were compared, and the most reliable translation was selected.
A professional translator, native Ukrainian and English speakers, as well as several psychologists with clinical experience and previous expertise in adapting measures were involved in the translation of the questionnaire. The final version of the inventory was sent to the Аuthor for approval and then recommended for further adaptation procedures.

Instruments
Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) (Kenny et al., 2004) is the scale that includes 26 items implying cognitive, behavioural, and somatic characteristics of anxiety in the context of music performance. It takes into account Barlow's theoretical components (Barlow, 2002) such as evocation of anxious propositions (e.g., uncontrollability, unpredictability, negative affect, situational cues); attentional shift (e.g., task or self-evaluative focus, fear of negative evaluation); physiological arousal; and memory bias. There have been two published versions of the K-MPAI for adult musicians: the 26-item original version (Kenny et al., 2004) and the modified 40-item questionnaire (Kenny, 2009). In the current study, we choose the initial version, which is essential for screening.

Data analysis
 The sample's clinical and socialdemographic data are characterized using descriptive statistics.  The exploratory factorial analysis is carried out to verify the structural validity of the K-MPAI.  Assessment of the internal consistency of statements is identified based on Cronbach's alpha;  Temporal stability is measured using the testretest procedure; Data analysis is performed using SPSS Statistics 20

Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics for К-МРАІ are presented in Table 2.  (24) There is no significant gender difference, but women are scored slightly higher. The mean total score on the K-MPAI is higher than the mean score reported by Kenny (2004;N=32, M=54.21, SD=34.21, Minimum = 3, Maximum = 111), but lower than the mean score reported by Zarza-Alzugaray et al. (2016;N = 275, M = 88.87, SD = 21.24).

EFA
The factor structure of the Ukrainian version of the K-MPAI was assessed using a principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation, which is preferable when a correlation between factors exist (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2013). An appropriate Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and a statistically significant Bartlett's test of sphericity were obtained, thus justifying the use of the factor model (Table 3) ISSN 2612ISSN -2138; the second factor is named "Early relationship context" (3 items: 9, 19, 24), and the third factor is named "Psychological vulnerability" (8 items: 1, 4, 5, 6, 11, 16, 21, 23). The factor loadings on these three factors are presented in Table 4

Reliability
The internal consistency of the Ukrainian version of K-МPAI presents excellent value with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.871. The α-Cronbach coefficients for factors 1, 2 and 3 are higher for the Ukrainian factor structure than for the original model (Kenny et al., 2004), Spanish (Zarza-Alzugaray et al., 2016), and Brazilian Portuguese (Barbar et al, 2014;Barbar et al, 2015) (Table 5). Temporal stability was measured using the testretest procedure. The results obtained for 30 participants showed a high temporal stability of the K-MPAI results (r = .84; p<0,001), which suggests good reliability of the K-МPAI as a scale

Discussion & Conclusion
This study aims to adapt to the Ukrainian version of K-MPAI. This measure is chosen among other anxiety evaluation tools since it is designed within D. H. Barlow's theoretical model of emotional disorders, and is adapted by Dianna Kenny for assessing the development and maintenance of MPA (Barlow, 2000;Kenny, 2011).
Adhering to this aim, we provided a doubletranslation of the 26-item English-language MHGC Proceeding 2020 Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal https://mhgcj.org ISSN 2612ISSN -2138 parent form and conducted a pilot-study to confirm the face validity of the Ukrainian version of the scale, which did not undergo any modifications, compared to the initial version.
The Ukrainian version of K-MPAI presents a high internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha value of .871. High reliability of the K-МPAI as a measure is confirmed by the test-retest procedure that reveals high temporal stability of the K-MPAI results (r = .84; p<0.001).
Certain limitations of the current study should be noted. First, the sample is composed of adult professional musicians, and most of them are representative of the classical music genre (73%). However, it is important to investigate the manifestations of MPA in samples of other ages (university students in particular) and other musical genres (e.g., folk, jazz, rock, pop). Second in this study, only exploratory factor analysis was performed on the K-MPAI items, but some additional statistical procedures (e.g., CFA) can be carried out to test the resulting threedimensional model. Future studies could further investigate the convergent and divergent validity of the K-MPAI on the Ukrainian musicians.
The Ukrainian version of K-MPAI has acceptable psychometric properties. Therefore, the measure may be used by specialists as an assessment tool for screening MPA. Since this is the first study to investigate the factorial structure of the K-MPAI in the Ukrainian population, this paper may be useful for further research of MPA and evaluation of treatment efficacy.